Essential fatty acids (EFAs) and dietary oils play a huge role in the first three months of an infant's life. Low birth weight is thought to be contributed by low EFAs and dietary oils. Studies have been done by Wiley Interscience and The Journal of Pediatrics to measure the EFAs and dietary oils in low birth weight babies fed with formulas. The research was designed to measure the affects of EFA's and the required DHAs for visual acuity development.
Because formula-fed preterm infants may be at risk of Omega 3 essential fatty acid deficiency, they tested experimental formulas supplemented with soy oil to provide a-linolenic acid or marine oil to provide preformed Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids at a level comparable to that of human milk. The report addresses the effect of feeding formula supplemented with soy oil or with soy and marine oils on growth, clinical tolerance, and coagulation test results, changes in an important membrane fluidity, and plasma concentrations of vitamins A and E in very low birth weight infants from 30 to 57 weeks of postconceptional age. Healthy preterm infants were maternally selected to receive human milk or selected at random to receive commercial ready-to-feed liquid formula, which provided limited Omega 3 fatty acid, or experimental formulas supplemented with soy oil or-soy and marine oils. Results of this study indicate that formula enriched with soy oil or soy and marine oils containing preformed Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids does not induce abnormalities in growth, clotting function, or vitamin A or E levels in healthy very low birth weight preterm infants. Additional studies to evaluate safety in a representative preterm population are required.
In the Wiley Interscience research, both groups of formula-fed infants had significantly lower levels of Omega 3 fatty acids compared with breast-fed infants. RBC phospholipid Omega 3 was similar in the two formula groups at all ages. In the second study, infants received either a non-supplemented or a polyunsaturated fat supplemented formula. Omega 3 remained stable in RBC phospholipids of infants supplemented with polyunsaturated fat whereas Omega 3 decreased in RBC phospholipids of unsupplemented infants. These results confirm that adding Omega 3 to formulas is more effective in maintaining balanced levels.
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